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Climate and Earth system modelling is the use of mathematical representations of key components and properties of the atmosphere, ocean and biosphere to construct computer models. These models – which can range significantly in their complexity, depending on their intended application – are used to simulate important aspects of the Earth system and indicate how they may change in the future.
Intensified surface winds over the Arctic are driven by increasing downward momentum transfer in winter and by decreasing surface roughness due to sea-ice decline in summer, suggest analyses of climate model simulations and reanalysis data.
Projections of Arctic warming have large uncertainties. Here the authors consider ocean heat transport and its contribution to Arctic warming; high-resolution model results show increased Bering Strait transport compared with lower-resolution results, with implications for projected warming rates.
The impact of forest loss on land surface temperature in the tropics is five times greater than the response to forest gain, according to satellite observations of temperature and land cover.
Earth system model projections of vegetation–climate feedback frequently depend on inaccurate values of evaporation sensitivity to vegetation changes, potentially resulting in misleading conclusions. A promising avenue involves improving the transpiration partitioning parameterizations and incorporating groundwater connections to refine the modelled sensitivity.
Methane concentrations are rising faster than ever in the atmosphere. Now, a compilation of observations points towards increased methane emissions from Arctic wetlands as being partly responsible.
Large language models can summarize, aggregate, and convey localized climate-related data to people in a cost-effective and expeditious manner. This Comment introduces a simple, proof-of-concept prototype and argues that the approach holds the potential to truly democratize climate information.