Nature Reviews Immunology http://www.nature.com/nri/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © 2008 Nature Publishing Group Nature Reviews Immunology 1474-1733 © 2008 Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com Nature Reviews Immunology http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nri_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/nri/ TRIM family proteins and their emerging roles in innate immunity http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2413 The superfamily of tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins is conserved throughout the metazoan kingdom and has expanded rapidly during vertebrate evolution; there are now more than 60 TRIM proteins known in humans and mice. Many TRIM proteins are induced by type I and type II interferons, TRIM family proteins and their emerging roles in innate immunity

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 849 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2413

Authors: Keiko Ozato, Dong-Mi Shin, Tsung-Hsien Chang & Herbert C. Morse

The superfamily of tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins is conserved throughout the metazoan kingdom and has expanded rapidly during vertebrate evolution; there are now more than 60 TRIM proteins known in humans and mice. Many TRIM proteins are induced by type I and type II interferons,

]]> TRIM family proteins and their emerging roles in innate immunity Keiko Ozato Dong-Mi Shin Tsung-Hsien Chang Herbert C. Morse doi:10.1038/nri2413 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 849 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Review 849 860 Mammalian glycosylation in immunity http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2417 Glycosylation produces a diverse and abundant repertoire of glycans, which are collectively known as the glycome. Glycans are one of the four fundamental macromolecular components of all cells, and are highly regulated in the immune system. Their diversity reflects their multiple biological functions that encompass Mammalian glycosylation in immunity

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 874 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2417

Authors: Jamey D. Marth & Prabhjit K. Grewal

Glycosylation produces a diverse and abundant repertoire of glycans, which are collectively known as the glycome. Glycans are one of the four fundamental macromolecular components of all cells, and are highly regulated in the immune system. Their diversity reflects their multiple biological functions that encompass

]]> Mammalian glycosylation in immunity Jamey D. Marth Prabhjit K. Grewal doi:10.1038/nri2417 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 874 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Review 874 887 Do T cells need endogenous peptides for activation? http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2431 T cells are sensitive to small numbers of antigenic peptide–MHC ligands that are distributed among an excess of endogenous peptide–MHC complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Although there are accumulating data that indicate a role for these endogenous peptide–MHC complexes in T-cell receptor triggering, Do T cells need endogenous peptides for activation?

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 895 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2431

Author: Nicholas R. J. Gascoigne

T cells are sensitive to small numbers of antigenic peptide–MHC ligands that are distributed among an excess of endogenous peptide–MHC complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Although there are accumulating data that indicate a role for these endogenous peptide–MHC complexes in T-cell receptor triggering,

]]> Do T cells need endogenous peptides for activation? Nicholas R. J. Gascoigne doi:10.1038/nri2431 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 895 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Perspective 895 900 Mucosal immunology: Mismanaged ER stress and inflammation http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2435 A new study published in Cell shows that a dysregulated response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can lead to organ-specific inflammation, and that hypomorphic variants of X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) are susceptibility factors for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans.ER stress Mucosal immunology: Mismanaged ER stress and inflammation

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 824 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2435

Author: Olive Leavy

A new study published in Cell shows that a dysregulated response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can lead to organ-specific inflammation, and that hypomorphic variants of X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) are susceptibility factors for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans.ER stress

]]> Mucosal immunology: Mismanaged ER stress and inflammation Olive Leavy doi:10.1038/nri2435 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 824 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 824 824 Tumour immunology: Regulating MDSC recruitment http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2437 Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immune cells that accumulates in tumour-bearing hosts and in response to inflammation. Although it has been established that the capacity of MDSCs to inhibit T-cell responses prevents tumour rejection, the mechanisms that underlie MDSC accumulation and Tumour immunology: Regulating MDSC recruitment

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 828 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2437

Author: Sarah Allan

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immune cells that accumulates in tumour-bearing hosts and in response to inflammation. Although it has been established that the capacity of MDSCs to inhibit T-cell responses prevents tumour rejection, the mechanisms that underlie MDSC accumulation and

]]> Tumour immunology: Regulating MDSC recruitment Sarah Allan doi:10.1038/nri2437 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 828 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 828 828 New regulators of NF-κB in inflammation http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2423 Research on the biological function of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a key mediator of inducible transcription in the immune system, has traditionally focused on its role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. These studies have largely concentrated on the mechanisms of signalling that New regulators of NF-κB in inflammation

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 837 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2423

Authors: Sankar Ghosh & Matthew S. Hayden

Research on the biological function of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a key mediator of inducible transcription in the immune system, has traditionally focused on its role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. These studies have largely concentrated on the mechanisms of signalling that

]]> New regulators of NF-κB in inflammation Sankar Ghosh Matthew S. Hayden doi:10.1038/nri2423 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 837 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Review 837 848 Two ways to survive infection: what resistance and tolerance can teach us about treating infectious diseases http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2432 A host can evolve two types of defence mechanism to increase its fitness when challenged with a pathogen: resistance and tolerance. Immunology is a well-defined field in which the mechanisms behind resistance to infection are dissected. By contrast, the mechanisms behind the ability to tolerate Two ways to survive infection: what resistance and tolerance can teach us about treating infectious diseases

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 889 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2432

Authors: David S. Schneider & Janelle S. Ayres

A host can evolve two types of defence mechanism to increase its fitness when challenged with a pathogen: resistance and tolerance. Immunology is a well-defined field in which the mechanisms behind resistance to infection are dissected. By contrast, the mechanisms behind the ability to tolerate

]]> Two ways to survive infection: what resistance and tolerance can teach us about treating infectious diseases David S. Schneider Janelle S. Ayres doi:10.1038/nri2432 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 889 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Perspective 889 895 Cytokine-mediated regulation of antimicrobial proteins http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2433 Antimicrobial proteins constitute a phylogenetically ancient form of innate immunity that provides host defence at skin and mucosal surfaces. Although some components of this system are constitutively expressed, new evidence reviewed in this Progress article shows that the production of certain antimicrobial proteins by epithelial Cytokine-mediated regulation of antimicrobial proteins

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 829 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2433

Authors: Jay K. Kolls, Paul B. McCray & Yvonne R. Chan

Antimicrobial proteins constitute a phylogenetically ancient form of innate immunity that provides host defence at skin and mucosal surfaces. Although some components of this system are constitutively expressed, new evidence reviewed in this Progress article shows that the production of certain antimicrobial proteins by epithelial

]]> Cytokine-mediated regulation of antimicrobial proteins Jay K. Kolls Paul B. McCray Yvonne R. Chan doi:10.1038/nri2433 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 829 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Progress 829 835 Cross-regulation between herpesviruses and the TNF superfamily members http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2434 Herpesviruses have evolved numerous strategies to subvert host immune responses so they can coexist with their host species. These viruses 'co-opt' host genes for entry into host cells and then express immunomodulatory genes, including mimics of members of the tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, that initiate Cross-regulation between herpesviruses and the TNF superfamily members

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 861 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2434

Authors: John R. Šedý, Patricia G. Spear & Carl F. Ware

Herpesviruses have evolved numerous strategies to subvert host immune responses so they can coexist with their host species. These viruses 'co-opt' host genes for entry into host cells and then express immunomodulatory genes, including mimics of members of the tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, that initiate

]]> Cross-regulation between herpesviruses and the TNF superfamily members John R. Šedý Patricia G. Spear Carl F. Ware doi:10.1038/nri2434 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 861 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Review 861 873 Autoimmunity: Balancing B-cell subsets in EAE http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2439 Rituximab, a CD20-specific monoclonal antibody that depletes B cells, has shown promising results in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, have shown that B cells markedly influence the course of disease, but whether Autoimmunity: Balancing B-cell subsets in EAE

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 825 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2439

Author: Sarah Allan

Rituximab, a CD20-specific monoclonal antibody that depletes B cells, has shown promising results in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, have shown that B cells markedly influence the course of disease, but whether

]]> Autoimmunity: Balancing B-cell subsets in EAE Sarah Allan doi:10.1038/nri2439 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 825 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 825 825 Autoimmunity: Gut bacteria keep you healthy http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2440 The development of type 1 diabetes in humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, the mouse model of diabetes, has long been suspected to be influenced by infection. However, the contribution of microorganisms, including commensal bacteria, was not fully understood. Toll-like receptor signalling mediated by the Autoimmunity: Gut bacteria keep you healthy

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 827 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2440

Author: Rachel David

The development of type 1 diabetes in humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, the mouse model of diabetes, has long been suspected to be influenced by infection. However, the contribution of microorganisms, including commensal bacteria, was not fully understood. Toll-like receptor signalling mediated by the

]]> Autoimmunity: Gut bacteria keep you healthy Rachel David doi:10.1038/nri2440 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 827 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 827 827 Lymphocyte responses: Germinal-centre B cells take control http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2441 The pro-apoptotic receptor CD95 (also known as FAS) is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of peripheral lymphoid organs, as indicated by the lymphoproliferative syndrome that occurs in humans and mice deficient for CD95 or its ligand. A new study in Immunity shows that CD95 Lymphocyte responses: Germinal-centre B cells take control

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 826 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2441

Author: Kirsty Minton

The pro-apoptotic receptor CD95 (also known as FAS) is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of peripheral lymphoid organs, as indicated by the lymphoproliferative syndrome that occurs in humans and mice deficient for CD95 or its ligand. A new study in Immunity shows that CD95

]]> Lymphocyte responses: Germinal-centre B cells take control Kirsty Minton doi:10.1038/nri2441 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 826 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 826 827 T cells: Survival tricks http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2442 To contribute to resistance against many microbial infections, activated T cells and natural killer cells produce interferon-γ (IFNγ). Although high levels of IFNγ are required for its antimicrobial activity, they are toxic to nearby cells. So, how do T cells survive and accumulate in the T cells: Survival tricks

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 825 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2442

Author: Lucy Bird

To contribute to resistance against many microbial infections, activated T cells and natural killer cells produce interferon-γ (IFNγ). Although high levels of IFNγ are required for its antimicrobial activity, they are toxic to nearby cells. So, how do T cells survive and accumulate in the

]]> T cells: Survival tricks Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2442 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 825 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 825 825 HIV: Learning from a monkey! http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2443 Why are some primates, such as sooty mangabeys, able to live with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, whereas others, such as rhesus macaques, succumb to an AIDS-like disease? Understanding how sooty mangabeys resist disease could help to explain the mechanisms underlying HIV pathogenesis in humans. HIV: Learning from a monkey!

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 826 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2443

Author: Lucy Bird

Why are some primates, such as sooty mangabeys, able to live with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, whereas others, such as rhesus macaques, succumb to an AIDS-like disease? Understanding how sooty mangabeys resist disease could help to explain the mechanisms underlying HIV pathogenesis in humans.

]]> HIV: Learning from a monkey! Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2443 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 826 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 826 827 Nobel prize to virus detectives http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2444 This year's Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine honours three European scientists who discovered the viruses behind AIDS and cervical cancer (Press Release of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, 6 October 2008). French virologists Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier share half of Nobel prize to virus detectives

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 828 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2444

Author: Lucy Bird

This year's Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine honours three European scientists who discovered the viruses behind AIDS and cervical cancer (Press Release of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, 6 October 2008). French virologists Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier share half of

]]> Nobel prize to virus detectives Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2444 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 828 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 828 828 In Brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2445 Dendritic cellsTranscription factor E2-2 is an essential and specific regulator of plasmacytoid dendritic cell development.Cisse, B.et al. Cell135, 37–48 (2008)The E protein E2-2 (also known as TCF4) has been found to be In Brief

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 826 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2445

Dendritic cellsTranscription factor E2-2 is an essential and specific regulator of plasmacytoid dendritic cell development.Cisse, B.et al. Cell135, 37–48 (2008)The E protein E2-2 (also known as TCF4) has been found to be

]]> In Brief doi:10.1038/nri2445 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 826 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 826 826 From the editors http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2446 Many immunologists devote much of their time to dissecting the mechanisms used by the host to resist infection. These efforts can provide great insights into disease pathogenesis and are a prerequisite for the development of effective treatments. So, this month we bring you several articles From the editors

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 823 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2446

Many immunologists devote much of their time to dissecting the mechanisms used by the host to resist infection. These efforts can provide great insights into disease pathogenesis and are a prerequisite for the development of effective treatments. So, this month we bring you several articles

]]> From the editors doi:10.1038/nri2446 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 823 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 From The Editors 823 823 Editor's note: Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2447 Nature Reviews Immunology6, 659–670 (2006)A paper similar to this Review article was published in Cancer & Metastasis Reviews (CMR) in June 2006 by Richard Essner, who is one of the authors of this Review by Editor's note: Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 901 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2447

Author: Alistair J. Cochran, Rong-Rong Huang, Jonathan Lee, Eijun Itakura, Stanley P. L. Leong & Richard Essner

Nature Reviews Immunology6, 659–670 (2006)A paper similar to this Review article was published in Cancer & Metastasis Reviews (CMR) in June 2006 by Richard Essner, who is one of the authors of this Review by

]]> Editor's note: Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes Alistair J. Cochran Rong-Rong Huang Jonathan Lee Eijun Itakura Stanley P. L. Leong Richard Essner doi:10.1038/nri2447 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 901 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 11 Research Highlight 901 901